Alarm Monitoring Cost: What Will You Really Pay?

Nothing is more frustrating than a surprise bill. When you’re investing in something as important as your family’s safety, you deserve total transparency. The advertised monthly fee for a security system is often just the beginning. Hidden charges for activation, equipment, or even service calls can quickly add up, turning an affordable plan into a budget-breaker. This guide pulls back the curtain on the true cost of home security system monitoring. We’ll walk you through all the potential fees—both obvious and hidden—so you can ask the right questions and find a provider who is upfront about their pricing from day one.

Key Takeaways

Calculate the Total Cost, Not Just the Monthly Fee: To find the best value, add up the monthly monitoring rate, the initial equipment and installation costs, and any potential one-time fees. This gives you a complete picture of your investment.
Customize Your Plan to Fit Your Budget: Your final price depends on your choices, from selecting 24/7 professional monitoring to adding video cameras or smart home features. You can build a system that provides the protection you need without paying for extras you don’t.
Ask About Discounts to Reduce Your Bill: Don’t hesitate to ask about savings opportunities. Many providers offer discounts for long-term contracts, and your homeowners insurance company may lower your premium for having a monitored system.

How Much Does Home Security Monitoring Really Cost?

When you start looking into home security, the first question on your mind is probably about the cost. The good news is, there’s a plan for almost every budget. Generally, you can expect monthly monitoring fees to fall somewhere between $20 and $80. The exact price depends on the features you choose. For instance, some basic plans can start as low as $29 per month, while more comprehensive services with video and smart home features may be closer to $60 per month.

Beyond the monthly fee, you also have to think about the initial cost of the equipment and installation. This is where the numbers can really vary. A simple do-it-yourself (DIY) kit might only set you back about $130, but a professionally installed system with all the bells and whistles can cost over $2,000. It really comes down to what your home needs and what gives you the most peace of mind. The average monthly cost for professional monitoring, however, lands at a more manageable $25, making it a feasible option for many homeowners.

The key is finding the right balance for your needs. Many companies even frame their pricing at less than $1 per day, which really puts the investment into perspective. When you consider the protection it offers, professional monitoring is one of the most affordable ways to keep your home and family safe. At American Alarm, we focus on providing smart, affordable security solutions tailored to Atlanta-area homes and businesses.

What’s the Average Monthly Price for Home Security Monitoring?

When you’re looking into a security system, the big question is always about the monthly cost. The truth is, there isn’t a single price tag. The amount you’ll pay depends on the type of monitoring you choose, the features you need, and the kind of agreement you’re comfortable with. Think of it less like a fixed price and more like a subscription that you can tailor to your home and your budget. Let’s break down the typical costs so you know exactly what to expect.

Professional Monitoring Price Points

For professional monitoring, where a team of experts is ready to respond to alerts 24/7, you can generally expect to pay between $29 and $60 per month. The final number really comes down to the level of protection you want. A basic plan that covers door and window sensors will be on the lower end of that scale. If you want to add features like video camera monitoring or smart home integration, you’ll be looking at a more comprehensive—and slightly more expensive—plan. The key is to match the monitoring services to your specific security needs so you’re only paying for what truly gives you peace of mind.

The Costs of Self-Monitoring

If a monthly fee isn’t in your budget, self-monitoring is another route you can take. With this option, you are the one responsible for keeping an eye on your system’s alerts, usually through a smartphone app. While the basic service is often free of monthly charges, it’s not always a zero-cost solution. Some companies charge for premium features like storing video recordings in the cloud. The biggest trade-off is that you don’t have a professional team ready to dispatch emergency services, which is a critical safety net for many homeowners. You’re entirely in charge of contacting the police or fire department if an alarm goes off.

Contract vs. Month-to-Month: How Prices Differ

Your payment plan structure also plays a big role in your monthly cost. Many professionally installed systems come with a long-term contract, often lasting two to three years. These agreements can sometimes lead to lower monthly rates or deals on equipment. On the other hand, many DIY systems offer the flexibility of a month-to-month plan. This is a great option if you don’t want to be locked into a long-term commitment or if you’re renting your home. It’s important to read the fine print and understand the terms before you sign up, so you can choose the plan that works best for your lifestyle and budget.

What Factors Change Your Monitoring Costs?

When you’re figuring out your budget for a security system, you’ll quickly see that monitoring prices aren’t one-size-fits-all. The monthly fee you pay is a mix of several key factors, from the gear you pick to the features you can’t live without. Understanding these variables will help you find the perfect balance between the protection you need and a price that feels right. Let’s break down exactly what goes into that monthly cost.

Equipment and Installation

The foundation of your security cost starts with the hardware itself. The total price tag is directly tied to the equipment you choose and whether you opt for professional installation. A basic setup with a few door and window sensors will naturally cost less than a comprehensive system with cameras, motion detectors, and glass-break sensors. While DIY kits are available, having a professional handle the installation ensures everything is placed correctly for optimal coverage and performance, which can be a major factor in your system’s reliability. This initial investment in hardware and setup is the first piece of the pricing puzzle.

Your Contract Length and Terms

Your commitment to a monitoring service also plays a big role in your monthly rate. Many security providers offer a lower monthly price if you sign a multi-year contract, typically for two or three years. This gives the company guaranteed business and gives you a more predictable, budget-friendly payment. On the other hand, some companies offer month-to-month plans. These provide more flexibility if you’re renting or aren’t sure about your long-term needs, but they often come with a slightly higher monthly fee. It’s always a good idea to ask about flexible terms that fit your specific situation.

Add-Ons and Smart Home Features

Want to control your lights, locks, and thermostat from your phone? These days, security systems do much more than just sound an alarm. Features like video surveillance, remote arming and disarming, and smart home integration add incredible convenience and an extra layer of security. However, these advanced capabilities usually increase the monthly monitoring fee. Plans that include video storage or allow you to manage smart home devices will typically be priced higher than basic alarm monitoring, so you’ll want to decide which features are most important for your home or business.

Your Location and Service Area

Believe it or not, where you live can influence your security costs—often in a good way. Many homeowners insurance companies offer significant discounts, sometimes up to 20%, for homes with professionally monitored security systems. This can help offset a good portion of your monthly fee. Working with a local provider like American Alarm also means you’re getting service from a team that understands the specific security landscape of the Atlanta area. They can provide tailored recommendations and responsive service that a national chain might not be able to match.

What Types of Monitoring Plans Can You Choose?

Once you’ve picked out your security equipment, your next big decision is choosing a monitoring plan. This is what connects your system to the outside world and determines how you’ll be notified when an alarm is triggered. Think of it as the engine of your security system—the hardware is the body, but the monitoring plan is what makes it go. The right plan gives you peace of mind, knowing that your property is protected whether you’re at home, at work, or on vacation.

The options can feel a bit overwhelming at first. You’ll see terms like “professional monitoring,” “self-monitoring,” “cellular,” and “landline.” Each one offers a different level of protection, convenience, and cost. The best choice for you depends entirely on your lifestyle, budget, and how hands-on you want to be with your security. Do you want a dedicated team ready to dispatch help at a moment’s notice, or do you prefer to manage alerts yourself? Understanding these core differences is the first step to building a security plan that truly fits your needs and gives you confidence that your home or business is safe.

24/7 Professional Monitoring

With 24/7 professional monitoring, you have a dedicated team of trained professionals watching over your property around the clock. When a sensor is triggered—whether it’s a door opening, a window breaking, or a smoke detector going off—an alert is sent to a central monitoring station. A team member will then attempt to contact you to verify the emergency. If they can’t reach you or if you confirm there’s a problem, they will immediately dispatch the appropriate emergency services, like the police or fire department. This service is the gold standard for home and business security because it ensures a fast, reliable response even when you’re asleep, away, or unable to get to your phone. It’s an investment in knowing someone always has your back.

Self-Monitoring Options

If you prefer a more hands-on approach, self-monitoring might be for you. With this option, you don’t have a team of professionals on standby. Instead, when your alarm is triggered, you receive a notification directly to your smartphone. From there, it’s up to you to assess the situation and decide whether to call the authorities. The main appeal is the lower cost, as you typically avoid monthly monitoring fees. However, this puts all the responsibility on your shoulders. If you’re in a meeting, on a plane, or in an area with poor cell service, you could miss a critical alert. It’s a trade-off between cost savings and the assurance of a guaranteed response.

Basic vs. Comprehensive Plans

Monitoring plans aren’t one-size-fits-all; they come in different tiers. A basic plan typically covers the essentials, like intrusion detection for your doors and windows. It’s a great starting point for securing your property against break-ins. A comprehensive plan, on the other hand, offers a wider net of protection. These plans often include monitoring for environmental threats like fire, smoke, and carbon monoxide, and may also incorporate video surveillance and smart home features. The total cost will depend on the systems and products you choose to integrate, allowing you to create a customized security solution that covers all your specific concerns, from theft to fire safety.

Cellular vs. Landline Connections

The connection is the invisible line between your security system and the monitoring center. Traditionally, systems used a landline phone connection to send signals. While still functional, this method has a key vulnerability: if the phone line is cut, the system can’t call for help. That’s why most modern security systems now rely on a cellular connection. A cellular communicator uses the same reliable networks as your cell phone to transmit alarm signals. This creates a more secure and dependable link that can’t be disabled by cutting a wire. It also works even if your internet or power goes out, ensuring your system is always connected and ready to protect you.

How Do Extra Features Affect the Price?

A basic monitoring plan is your foundation for security, but many people want to add features for extra convenience and protection. Think of it like customizing a car—the base model gets you from A to B, but adding things like a sunroof or a better sound system will change the final price. The same goes for your security system. Features like video cameras, smart home connections, and remote app access are usually part of more comprehensive—and therefore more expensive—monitoring plans. These add-ons aren’t just bells and whistles; they change how you interact with your system and can provide a much deeper sense of security. Let’s look at how these popular upgrades can affect your monthly bill.

Video Surveillance

Adding cameras to your security setup is one of the most common and impactful upgrades. It’s one thing to get an alert that a sensor was tripped; it’s another to see exactly what’s happening in real-time on your phone. This feature, often called video verification, can help confirm a real emergency and lead to faster police response. However, it also adds to your monitoring cost. The price increase typically covers things like secure cloud storage for your video clips and the technology needed to stream live feeds. While basic monitoring can be very affordable, adding commercial camera systems or residential cameras is a premium feature that provides a much deeper level of security and awareness.

Smart Home Integration

If you love the idea of a connected home, integrating your security system with other smart devices is a fantastic option. This allows your security system to “talk” to your smart locks, lights, and thermostat. For example, you could have your lights turn on automatically when a motion sensor is triggered or have your thermostat adjust itself when you arm the system on your way out. As noted by Security.org, this level of home automation is typically available in higher-tier monitoring plans. It’s a powerful feature that adds a layer of convenience and intelligent control, making your home not just safer, but smarter and more efficient.

Mobile App and Remote Access

In a world where we manage nearly everything from our phones, remote access to your security system is practically a must-have. A mobile app allows you to arm and disarm your system, check camera feeds, and receive real-time alerts no matter where you are. This constant connection gives you incredible peace of mind, whether you’re at work or on vacation. You can check in on your kids after school or even let a trusted service person in without having to be there. Because this feature requires more advanced technology, it’s usually included in mid-to-high-tier monitoring plans. The ability to control your home’s security from the palm of your hand is a valuable addition that many find well worth the cost.

Emergency Response Services

This is the heart of professional monitoring. It’s not just an alarm blaring—it’s a dedicated team of professionals watching over your home or business 24/7. When an alarm is triggered, the monitoring center is immediately notified. As NerdWallet explains, their first step is to contact you to verify the emergency. If they can’t reach you or you confirm there’s a problem, they dispatch police, fire, or medical services for you. This round-the-clock protection is the primary service you’re paying for in a monitoring plan, and it’s the single most important factor determining the price and value of your system. It’s the human element that provides true peace of mind.

Are There Ways to Save on Home Security Monitoring?

Investing in your home’s security is one of the smartest decisions you can make, but that doesn’t mean you have to overspend. While the peace of mind that comes with 24/7 protection is priceless, the monthly monitoring fee is a real-world expense that needs to fit into your budget. The good news is that you don’t have to choose between safety and savings. There are several practical ways to lower your monitoring costs without compromising on the quality of your protection. Many people assume the sticker price is the final price, but that’s rarely the case.

Security companies often provide opportunities to save, whether through partnerships with insurance providers, special equipment packages, or loyalty rewards. By understanding these options, you can make a more informed decision and find a plan that truly works for you. It’s all about knowing what to ask for and where to look. From simple phone calls to your insurance agent to timing your purchase around promotional periods, a little bit of strategy can go a long way. Let’s walk through some of the most effective ways to save on your home security monitoring. You might be surprised by how much you can keep in your pocket while still getting the top-tier protection your home or business deserves.

Homeowners Insurance Discounts

One of the first places to look for savings is your homeowners insurance policy. Many homeowners insurance companies offer discounts to customers who have a professionally monitored security system installed. These discounts can range from 5% to as much as 20% off your annual premium. Why? Because a monitored home is less of a risk. It’s a win-win: you get a safer home, and your insurer gets a lower chance of a claim. Be sure to call your insurance agent and let them know you have a monitored system; the savings can add up quickly and help offset the cost of your monthly monitoring fee.

Bundles and Special Offers

Instead of buying security components one by one, look for equipment bundles. Companies often package popular items like sensors, keypads, and cameras together at a reduced price compared to purchasing them separately. This is a great way to get a comprehensive system from the start without paying for each piece individually. It’s also smart to keep an eye out for special offers throughout the year. Many providers run promotions that can include discounted equipment, reduced activation fees, or even a few months of free monitoring. A little patience and research can lead to significant savings.

Savings for Military, Seniors, and First Responders

Many security companies believe in giving back to those who serve our communities. As a thank you, they often provide special discounts for active military members, veterans, seniors, and first responders like police officers, firefighters, and EMTs. If you fall into one of these categories, always ask if a discount is available when you’re getting a quote. It’s a simple question that could lower your monthly bill or reduce your initial equipment costs. These programs are a great way for companies to show their appreciation while making security more accessible for everyone.

Rewards for Long-Term Contracts

While a month-to-month plan offers flexibility, signing a longer-term contract can be a smart financial move. Providers often reward this commitment with a lower monthly rate. By signing a multi-year agreement, you can lock in your monthly rate and protect yourself from potential price increases down the road. This gives you a predictable, consistent bill you can count on for the duration of your contract. If you know you’ll be staying in your home for a while, a long-term contract is one of the most reliable ways to secure a better price on your monitoring service.

How to Compare Costs Between Security Providers

When you’re shopping for a security system, comparing providers can feel like comparing apples and oranges. The monthly monitoring fee is just one piece of the puzzle. To find the best value, you need to look at the complete picture, including equipment costs, contract terms, and the quality of service you’ll receive. A super-low monthly price might hide expensive installation fees or a long, inflexible contract. It’s about finding a partner who offers reliable protection that fits your budget without any surprises.

A Look at American Alarm’s Value

True value in home security comes from dependable protection and responsive service. At American Alarm, we focus on providing top-tier, 24/7 professional monitoring that ensures a trained team is always ready to respond if an alarm is triggered. This means when you need help, you get it—fast. Unlike some national brands that treat you like a number, we offer personalized services tailored to Atlanta-area homes and businesses. We believe in straightforward pricing and building long-term relationships, giving you peace of mind that you’re not just buying a system, but investing in a local security partner.

Comparing National Provider Prices

National security companies often advertise a wide range of prices. Professional monitoring fees can run anywhere from $29 to over $60 per month, depending on the package you choose. These costs typically cover 24/7 emergency response for events like break-ins, fires, or carbon monoxide leaks. However, the advertised price might only be for the most basic package. Adding cameras, smart home features, or other advanced systems and products will increase that monthly bill. Always ask for a detailed quote that breaks down every single charge so you know exactly what you’re paying for.

Local vs. National: What to Consider

Choosing between a local provider and a national chain often comes down to the kind of service you want. National companies have massive marketing budgets, but a local provider understands the specific security concerns of your neighborhood. As an Atlanta-based company, we know the community we serve. We pride ourselves on offering a personal touch, from the initial consultation to ongoing support. When you contact us, you’re talking to a neighbor who is invested in keeping our community safe, not a call center hundreds of miles away.

What Hidden Fees Should You Look For?

When you’re shopping for a home security system, the monthly monitoring price is usually the main focus. But the sticker price isn’t always the final price. Some security companies have extra fees tucked away in the fine print that can catch you by surprise. Knowing what to look for ahead of time helps you budget accurately and choose a provider that’s truly transparent about their costs.

The goal isn’t to scare you, but to empower you. A great security partner will be upfront about all potential charges, so you can feel confident in your decision. Before you sign on the dotted line, it’s smart to ask a few direct questions about the total cost of ownership. This includes everything from the initial setup to what happens if you need to move or upgrade your system down the road. By getting a complete picture of the expenses, you can find a plan that genuinely fits your budget without any unexpected bills.

Activation and Setup Fees

First things first: getting your system up and running. Many security companies charge a one-time activation or setup fee to get your service started. This fee can cover the cost of a technician’s time for professional installation or simply the administrative work of creating your account. These charges can vary quite a bit, sometimes ranging up to $200. Some providers waive this fee as part of a promotion, so it’s always worth asking about any current specials they might be running. Be sure to ask for a clear breakdown of any upfront costs before you commit.

Equipment Upgrades and Replacements

Your security needs might change over time. You may decide to add a new smart camera, or a component of your system might need replacing after several years of use. It’s important to understand how your security provider handles these situations. Some companies may charge additional fees for new devices or for the service call to install them. Before signing a contract, ask about the cost of adding new systems and products to your plan and what the warranty looks like for your initial equipment. A good provider will have a clear policy on replacements and upgrades.

Early Termination Penalties

Many security providers offer lower monthly rates in exchange for a long-term contract, which can last for several years. While this can be a great way to save money, it’s crucial to understand the terms. If you need to cancel your service before the contract is up—perhaps because you’re moving—you could face a hefty early termination penalty. This fee is often the total of your remaining monthly payments. Always read the cancellation policy carefully and make sure you’re comfortable with the commitment. If you have questions, a transparent company will be happy to contact you and walk you through the details.

Service and Maintenance Calls

Even the best technology can have a hiccup now and then. If a sensor stops working or a panel goes on the fritz, you’ll need to call for service. Some companies include maintenance visits in their monthly monitoring plans, while others charge for each service call. These trip fees can add up, so it’s a good idea to clarify this policy from the start. Ask if your plan includes any free maintenance visits or if there’s a set cost for a technician to come to your home. Knowing this helps you understand the long-term value of the security services you’re paying for.

Debunking Myths About Monitoring Costs

Let’s clear the air about some common misconceptions surrounding security monitoring costs. It’s easy to assume that protecting your home or business comes with a hefty price tag, but the reality is often much more affordable and flexible than you think. Understanding the truth behind these myths can help you make a confident decision about your security without breaking the bank. From the real value of professional oversight to the hidden details in “free” offers, we’ll break down what you actually need to know.

Myth: All Monitoring Is Too Expensive

This is probably the biggest hurdle for most people, but it’s also the easiest to clear. The idea that professional monitoring is a luxury expense is simply outdated. When you break it down, many monitoring plans cost less than a dollar a day—often comparable to what you might spend on a streaming service or a few cups of coffee. Advances in technology have made effective security more accessible than ever. Instead of seeing it as a massive bill, think of it as a small, consistent investment in your peace of mind. You can check out our current specials to see just how affordable protecting your property can be.

Myth: Professional Monitoring Isn’t Worth It

Some people wonder if they really need a team of professionals watching over their property. The answer depends on what you value most. If you want a hands-off experience, travel frequently, or simply want the assurance that an expert is ready to respond during an emergency, then professional monitoring is absolutely worth it. It’s the difference between getting an alert on your phone and having a trained dispatcher immediately contact the police or fire department on your behalf. This rapid, expert response can be critical when every second counts, providing a level of protection that self-monitoring just can’t match. Our monitoring services are designed to give you that reliable backup 24/7.

Myth: “Free” Equipment Means No Upfront Cost

You’ve seen the ads: “Free security system!” It sounds like a great deal, but it’s important to read the fine print. Often, these offers lock you into a long, expensive contract with high monthly fees to cover the cost of the “free” hardware. The total price you pay over the life of the contract can be much higher than if you had purchased the equipment outright. A transparent security provider will be upfront about the costs of their systems and products. It’s better to know the true cost from the start so you can find a solution that genuinely fits your budget without any surprises down the road.

Myth: DIY Is Always Cheaper

Doing it yourself can be a great way to save money on many home projects, but security is a bit different. While you might save on the initial installation fee, a DIY system leaves you responsible for everything. If a sensor is placed incorrectly or a connection fails, the system might not work when you need it most. Plus, you won’t have access to professional support for maintenance or troubleshooting. Over time, the cost of fixing issues or dealing with false alarms can add up. Professional installation ensures everything is set up correctly from day one, giving you reliable protection without the guesswork. If you have questions about a professional setup, feel free to contact us.

How to Pick the Right Plan for Your Budget

Choosing a security plan can feel overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. The key is to find a solution that fits your specific needs and budget without any surprises. By breaking it down into a few simple steps, you can confidently select a plan that gives you peace of mind. It’s all about asking the right questions and knowing what to look for.

Assess Your Security Needs

Before you even look at prices, take a moment to think about what you actually need to protect. Start with the basics: How large is your home or business? Do you have a lot of windows or doors on the ground floor? Also, consider your lifestyle. If you travel frequently or have an unpredictable schedule, you might want features like remote access. Think about your neighborhood and any specific concerns you have, like package theft or break-ins. Making a quick list of your must-haves and nice-to-haves will give you a clear starting point and prevent you from paying for features you’ll never use.

Weigh the Costs vs. the Benefits

It’s easy to focus on the monthly fee, but true value comes from what you get for your money. A system with 24/7 professional monitoring means someone is always ready to respond if an alarm goes off, dispatching police or fire services when necessary. This constant oversight is a huge benefit that self-monitored systems can’t match. Plus, many insurance companies offer discounts of 5% to 20% on your homeowner’s policy for having a professionally monitored system. When you factor in that potential savings, the monthly cost often looks much more manageable. It’s an investment in your safety and your property.

Understand Your Contract Options

Security contracts can vary quite a bit, so it’s important to know what you’re signing up for. Some companies require long-term agreements, often for three years, especially if they handle the installation. This can sometimes lower your upfront equipment costs. Other providers offer more flexible month-to-month plans, which are great if you’re renting or aren’t sure about your long-term needs. Neither option is inherently better—it just depends on your situation. Be sure to ask about the contract length and what happens if you need to cancel early before making a final decision.

Calculate the Total Cost of Ownership

To get a true picture of your investment, look beyond the monthly monitoring fee. Your total cost will include the price of the equipment, any installation fees, and potential activation charges. Some systems might have a higher upfront equipment cost but a lower monthly payment, while others bundle everything into the contract. Ask for a complete breakdown of all expenses so you can compare different plans accurately. Checking for special offers can also help reduce those initial costs. This way, you can create a realistic budget and find a plan that provides security without financial stress.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is professional monitoring really necessary if I have security cameras?

Think of it this way: cameras are great for showing you what’s happening, but professional monitoring is what ensures someone can respond. With cameras alone, you’re the one responsible for seeing an alert and calling for help. Professional monitoring provides a dedicated team that is ready 24/7 to verify an emergency and dispatch police or fire services for you, even if you’re asleep, in a meeting, or can’t get to your phone. It’s that guaranteed response that provides true peace of mind.

What happens to my security system and contract if I move?

This is a fantastic question to ask any provider before you sign up, as policies can differ. Some companies offer moving packages that allow you to transfer your service and may even provide new equipment for your new home. Others might require you to pay an early termination fee if you move outside their service area before your contract is up. A good provider will be transparent about their moving policy so you know exactly what to expect.

Will my security system still work if the power or internet goes out?

Absolutely, and this is a critical feature of a reliable system. Most modern security systems use a cellular connection to communicate with the monitoring center, so they don’t depend on your home’s internet or landline. They also come equipped with a battery backup that keeps the system running for several hours during a power outage. This ensures you stay protected even when other utilities are down.

Why should I consider a local Atlanta company over a big national brand?

Choosing a local provider often means you get more personalized and responsive service. A local company understands the specific security landscape of the Atlanta area and is invested in the community’s safety. When you need support or a service call, you’re dealing with a team that’s right around the corner, not a call center in another state. It’s about building a relationship with a security partner who knows your neighborhood.

Besides the monthly fee, what are the main upfront costs I should budget for?

The two main upfront costs to plan for are the equipment itself and any one-time installation or activation fees. The equipment cost depends entirely on how many sensors, cameras, and other devices you choose for your home. The installation or activation fee covers the initial setup of your system and account. Always ask for a complete quote that breaks down all initial charges so there are no surprises.